modified version of a chart originally by en:User:Nohat (en:Image:Japanese-vowels.png). The symbol < u > was replaced by < ɯ >, and the placement of vowels was modified to follow Akamatsu (who is very similar to Ladefoged). Nohat's vowel placement was similar to Okada.
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biblio
Akamatsu, Tsutomu. (1997). Japanese phonetics: Theory and practice (pp. 35, 285). München: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN3-8958-6095-6.
Ladefoged, Peter. (2001). A course in phonetics (4th ed., p. 210). Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.
Okada, Hideo. (1999). Japanese. In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet (pp. 117-119). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-5216-5236-7; ISBN0-5216-3751-1 (pbk).
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