Energetica

Energetica
	instantia de: branca del scientia[*]
	subclasse de: physica applicate[*]
	;

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Energetica es le studio del transformation de energia, interdum anque appellate economica energic. Proque energia flue a omne scalas spatial, ab le subatomic usque al scala macroscopic del biosphera e le universo, energetica es disciplina vaste. Illo circumfere, pro exemplo, aspectos de thermodynamica, chimia, energetica biologic, biochimia, e energetica ecologic, e illo ha derivate alicun de su conceptos ab theoria systemic, electronica, e mechanica. Le limites precise de energetica es controverse e un topico de debatto continuante. Pro exemplo, Lehninger contendeva quando le scientia de thermodynamica tracta se de excambios energic de omne typos, illo pote esser appellate energetica. ^[1]

Objectivos

Generalmente, energetica perquire un description exacte del proprietates de fluxos e immagazinage energic in transformation e le leges physic governar los. Plure philosophos de scientia ha asserite que le fundamental leges de thermodynamica pote esser tractate como le leges de energetica ^[2]. Per le clarification de iste leges energetica intende de producer predictiones reliabile circa transformationes de fluxo e immagazinage energic a omne scalas spatial e nivellos systemic.

Historia

Energetica ha un historia controverse. Alicun autores mantene que le origines de energetica pote esser trovate in le travalio del grecos ancian, ma que le formalisation mathematic comenciava con le travalio de Leibniz. Richard de Villamil (1928) dice que Rankine formulava le scientia de energetica in su articulo Outlines of the Science of Energetics, publicava in le Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow in 1855. Ostwald e Mach posteriormente disveloppava le studio, ma in le tarde 1800s, iste theoria de energetica esseva comprendite esser incompatibile con le theoria atomic de gases de Boltzmann. In le 1920s, Lotka essayava de construer sur le theoria de Boltzmann per un synthese mathematic de energetica e le theoria de evolution biologic. Lotka proponeva que le principio selective de evolution favora le transformation de fluxo energic de uso maxime. Iste vista posteriormente influentiava le additional disveloppamento de energetica ecologic, specialmente le travalio de Howard T. Odum.

Principios de energetica

Como un theoria general de fluxos energic sur transformation, le principios de energetica include le prime 4 leges de thermodynamica, que es ben-constatate leges de physica. Totevia, le rolo precise del leges de thermodynamica intra le principios de energetica es un topico que es debattite currentemente. Si le ecologista Odum esseva correcte, le principios de energetica anque debe considera le ordine hierarchic de formas energic, le concepto de qualitate energic, e del evolution del universo.

Albert Lehninger^[1] appellava iste ordine hierarchic le

“

... stadios successive in le fluxo de energia per le macrocosmo biologic

”

H.T. Odum, in su energetica ecologic, proponeva 3 additional principios energetic e 1 corollario que da conto de hierarchia energic.

Principios energetic ab thermodynamica

Zeroe principio de energetica
Si duo systemas thermodynamic A e B es in equilibrio thermal, e B e C es anque in equilibrio thermal, alora A e C es in equilibrio thermal.
Prime principio de energetica
Le accrescimento in le energia internal de un systema equala le amonta de energia addeva al systema per calefaction, minus le amonta perdeva in le forma de travalio causate per le systema super su ambiente (conservation de energia).
Secunde principio de energetica
Le entropia total de alicun systema thermodynamic isolate propende de accrescer durante tempore, approchar un valor maxime.
Tertie principio de energetica
Como un systema approcha zero absolute de temperatura omne processos cessa e le entropia del systema approcha un valor minime o zero pro le caso de un substantia crystallin perfecte.

Principios energetic additional

Quarte principio de energetica
Il ha duo opiniones sur le quarte principio de energetica:
- Le relationes reciprocal de Onsager es interdum appellate le quarte lege de thermodynamica, e assi esserea le quarte principle de energetica.
- In le campo de energetica ecologic, Odum considerava potentia maxime esser le quarte principio de energetica. Ille anque proponeva le principio de empotentia maxime como un corollario del principle de potentia maxime e considerava illo de describer le propensiones de auto-organisation evolutionari.
Quinte principio de energetica
Le factor de qualitate energic accresce hierarchicamente. Ab studios de catenas nutrimental ecologic, Odum proponeva que transformation energic forma un serie hierarchic measurate per accrescimento de transformitate^[3]. Fluxos de energia disveloppa telas hierarchic in le qual energias influente interage e es transformate per processos travalic a in formas energic de qualitate plus alte que causa amplification per realimentation, adjutar de maximisar le potentia del systema.^[4]
Sexte principio de energetica
Cyclos material ha patronos hierarchic measurate per le ratio de energia/[[massa], que determina su zona e frequentia de pulso in le hierarchia energic.^[3]^[5]

Altere significationes

In un plus specialisate signification (pro exemplo, in recerca defensive), "energetica" o "materiales energetic" es un termino stenographic pro materiales tal como explosivos, propulsores, e pyrotechnica.

Vide etiam

Referentias

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 A.Lehninger (1973) Bioenergetics W.A.Benjamin, Inc.
↑ Oliver L. Reiser, 1926, Probability, Natural Law, and Emergence: I. Probability and Purpose, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 16, pp. 421–435
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 H.T. Odum (2000) 'An Energy Hierarchy Law For Biogeochemical Cycles', in Brown, M.T. (Ed.), Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Proceedings of the First Biennial Emergy Analysis Research Conference, Centre for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
↑ H.T. Odum (1994) Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press.
↑ M.T. Brown e V. Buranakarn scribite, "Generalmente, energia per massa is un indicator bon de recyclo-abilitate), ubi materiales con alte energia per massa es plus recyclabile" (2003, p. 1).

S.W.Angrist and L.G.Helper (1973) Order and Chaos: Laws of Energy and Entropy, Penguin, Australia, p. 34
G. Helm (1898) Die Energetic, Leipzig, Verlag.
H.Hertz (1956) Principles of Mechanics, Dover, U.S.A.
H.T. Odum and R.T.Pinkerton (1955) 'Time's Speed Regulator', American Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 331.
J. R. Partington (1989) A Short History of Chemistry, Dover, New York
M.Tribus (1961) Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, Van Nostrand, University Series in Basic Engineering, pp. 619–622.
De Villamil, R. (1928) Rational mechanics.

Ligamines externe

Energetics - Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 ed. (in anglese)
A history of energetics (in anglese)

[Lehninger1973-1] 1,0 ^1,1 A.Lehninger (1973) Bioenergetics W.A.Benjamin, Inc.

[Reiser1926-2] Oliver L. Reiser, 1926, Probability, Natural Law, and Emergence: I. Probability and Purpose, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 16, pp. 421–435

[Odum2000-3] 3,0 ^3,1 H.T. Odum (2000) 'An Energy Hierarchy Law For Biogeochemical Cycles', in Brown, M.T. (Ed.), Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Proceedings of the First Biennial Emergy Analysis Research Conference, Centre for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

[Odum1994-4] H.T. Odum (1994) Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press.

[5] M.T. Brown e V. Buranakarn scribite, "Generalmente, energia per massa is un indicator bon de recyclo-abilitate), ubi materiales con alte energia per massa es plus recyclabile" (2003, p. 1).

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