Testudines

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Testudines es un ordine de Sauropsida qui contine 14 familias actual de tortucas. Se distribute in duo subordines secundo le movimento del collo pro proteger le capite in le carapace:

in Pleurodira, le capite gira al latere;
in Cryptodira, le capite se retrahe axialmente.

Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox

Testudines
Rango fossile:
Late Jurassic – Present

Classification scientific

Dominio:	Eukaryota
Regno:	Animalia
Subregno:	Bilateria
Phylo:	Chordata
Superclasse:	Tetrapoda
(sin rango)	Amniota
Classe:	Sauropsida

Ordine

Testudines
Batsch, 1788^[1]

Synonymia

Chelonii Latreille 1800
Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802

Blau: marine tortucas; nigre: terrestre

Subordines:

Phylogenia

Cladogramma externe

Secundo Crawford et al. (2012)^[2] e Gemmell et al. (2020)^[3]:

Amniota

Synapsida

(Mammiferos e mammalian "reptiles")

Sauropsida

Parareptilia †

Sauria

Lepidosauria

	Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodon)

	Squamata (lacertas e serpentes)

Testudines (tortucas)

Archosauria

Crurotarsi

Crocodilia

Avemetatarsalia

Pterosauria †

Dinosauria

Sauropoda † (Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus)

Theropoda

	Tyrannosauridae †

	Aves

Cladogramma interne

Le phylogenia interne es le sequente:^[4]^[5]

Testudines

Pleurodira

	Pelomedusidae

	Podocnemididae

Chelidae

Cryptodira

Testudinoidea

Testudinidae

Geoemydidae

Platysternidae

Emydidae

Chelydroidea

Chelydridae

	Dermatemydidae

	Kinosternidae

Chelonioidea

Dermochelyidae

Cheloniidae

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae

Trionychidae

Referentias

↑ Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status, 8th, Chelonian Research Monographs (no. 1) 7, Chelonian Research Foundation: Turtle Conservancy, 10, 24. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. OCLC 1124067380.
↑ Crawford, N.G.; Faircloth, B.C.; McCormack, J.E.; Brumfield, R.T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T.C. More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs. Biol. Lett. 2012, 8, 783–786.
↑ Gemmell, N.J.; Rutherford, K.; Prost, S.; Tollis, M.; Winter, D.; Macey, J.R.; Adelson, D.L.; Suh, A.; Bertozzi, T.; Grau, J.H.; et al. The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution. Nature 2020, 584, 403–409.
↑ "A Phylogenomic Analysis of Turtles" (2015). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 250–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25450099.
↑ "A Global Phylogeny of Turtles Reveals a Burst of Climate-associated Diversification on Continental Margins" (February 8, 2021). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (7). doi:10.1073/pnas.2012215118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33558231. Bibcode: 2021PNAS..11812215T.

[TTWG_2017-1] Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status, 8th, Chelonian Research Monographs (no. 1) 7, Chelonian Research Foundation: Turtle Conservancy, 10, 24. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. OCLC 1124067380.

[2] Crawford, N.G.; Faircloth, B.C.; McCormack, J.E.; Brumfield, R.T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T.C. More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs. Biol. Lett. 2012, 8, 783–786.

[3] Gemmell, N.J.; Rutherford, K.; Prost, S.; Tollis, M.; Winter, D.; Macey, J.R.; Adelson, D.L.; Suh, A.; Bertozzi, T.; Grau, J.H.; et al. The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution. Nature 2020, 584, 403–409.

[Crawford_Parham_2015-4] "A Phylogenomic Analysis of Turtles" (2015). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 250–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25450099.

[Thomson_Spinks_Shaffer_2021-5] "A Global Phylogeny of Turtles Reveals a Burst of Climate-associated Diversification on Continental Margins" (February 8, 2021). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (7). doi:10.1073/pnas.2012215118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33558231. Bibcode: 2021PNAS..11812215T.

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